SAMBONG

SAMBONG
INTRODUCTION:


Common name: Alibum, Alimon, Buffalo-ear
Scientific name: Blumea balsamifera (Linn.)
-Sambong is used as herbal medicine and is a shrub that grows wild in the tropical climate countries such as Philippines, India, Africa and found even in eastern Himalayas. Sambong is widely used in the Philippines as herbal medicine. Sambong leaves are known for its ngai or Blumea camphor that is used as herbal medicine to treat kidney stones, wounds and cuts, rheumatism, anti-diarrhea, anti spasms, colds and coughs and hypertension. The Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (PCHRD) has develop the technology for a sambong herbal medicine tablet.Sambong is an aromatic shrub, that grows from 1 to 4 meters in height. It is considered as a weed in some countries and is difficult to eradicate. Sambong has yellow flowering heads that is 6 mm long. Sambong leaves are green obloid that spreads in a pyramidial pattern. Sambong bears fruits that are ribbed and hairy on top. Sambong fruit has 1 seed.

ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS:          
 • Volatile oil, 0.1 - 0.4% - l-borneol, 25%, l-camphor, 75%, limonene, saponins, sesquiterpene and limonene, tannins, sesquiterpene alcohol; palmitin; myristic acid.
• Yields flavonoids, terpenes (borneol, limonene, camphor, a-pinene, b-pinene, 3-carene, sesquiterpenes, monoterpenes, triteroenes, and cryptomeridiol), lactones (blumealactone A, B, C).
- Fractionation of ethylacetate extract of leaves isolated nine flavonoids.
- Main essential oil components are 1,8-cineole (20.98%), borneol (11.99%), β-caryophyllene (10.38%), camphor (8.06%), 4-terpineol (6.49%), α-terpineol (5.91%), and caryophyllene oxide (5.35%).

TRADITIONAL USE:
-Leaves as poultice for abscesses.
- Decoction of roots and leaves for fevers, kidney stones, and cystitis.
- Decoction of leaves used to induced diuresis for purpose of treating kidney stones.
- Sitz-bath of boiled leaves, 500 gms to a gallon of water, for rheumatic pains of waist and back.
- Used in upper and lower respiratory tract affections like sinusitis, asthmatic bronchitis, influenza.
- Applied while hot over the sinuses. Used for wounds and cuts.
Fresh juice of leaves to wounds and cuts.
- Poultice of leaves applied to the forehead for relief of headaches.
- Tea is used for colds and as an expectorant; likewise, has antispasmodic and antidiarrheal benefits.
Postpartum baths.
- In Vietnam, decoction of fresh leaves used for cough and influenza or as inhalation of vapour from boiling of leaves. Poultices of pounded leaves applied to hemorrhoids; an alcoholic maceration used as liniment for rheumatism.
- 3% ethanol solution used to soothe itching.
- In Thailand, dried leaves are chopped, made into cigarettes and smoked for treating sinusitis.
- For fever, leaves boiled and when lukewarm used as sponge bath.
- Decoction of roots used for fever.
- Decoction of leaves, 50 gms to a pint of boiling water, 4 glasses daily, for stomach pains.
- In SE Asia widely used for various women problems. Postpartum, leaves are used in hot fomentation over the uterus to induce rapid involution. Also used for menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding and leucorrhea.

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY:
• Anticancer / Hepatoma: Study of methanolic extract of BB suggest a possible therapeutic potential in hepatoma cancer patients. (1)
• Anticancer / Growth Inhibitory Effect / Hepatoma: Study of B balsamifera extract induced growth-inhibitory activity in rat and human hepatocellular carcinoma cells without cytotoxicity. Findings suggest a possible therapeutic role for the B balsamifera methanol extract in treatment of hepatoma cancer patients. (6)
• Urolithiasis / Calcium Stones: Study shows sambong to be a promising chemolytic agent for calcium stones. (3)
• Antispasmodic / Cryptomeridiol: Study isolated cryptomeridio from the dried leaves. Results showed antispasmodic activity from various plant parts.
• Antifungal / Antibacterial: Phytochemical study of leaves yielded icthyothereol acetate, cyptomeridiol, lutein and ß-carotene. Antimicrobial tests showed activity against A niger, T mentagrophytes and C albicans. Results also showed activity against P aeruginosa, S aureus, B subtilis and E coli. (7)
• Dihydroflavonol / Abrogation of TRAIL Resistance in Leukemia Cells: Study shows combined treatment with a dihydroflavonol extracted from Blumea balsamifera exhibited the most striking synergism with TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) and suggests a new strategy for cancer therapy. (8)
• Antibacterial: Study of 12 crude alcoholic and aqueous extracts from 5 medicinal plants, including B balsamifera, showed potential antibacterial effect against S aureus.
• Radical Scavenging: Study of Blumea balsamifera extracts and flavonoids showed the methanol extract exhibiting higher radical scavenging activity than the chloroform extract.
• Leaf Volatile Oil Components: Analysis of leaf essential oil revealed 50 components contributing to 99.07 % of the oil: borneol (33.22%), caryophyllene (8.24%), ledol (7.12%), tetracyclo[6,3,2,0,(2.5).0(1,8) tridecan-9-ol, 4,4-dimethyl (5.18%), with phytol(4.63%), caryophyllene oxide(4.07%), guaiol (3.44%), thujopsene-13 (4.42%), dimethoxy- durene (3.59%) and γ-eudesmol (3.18%). (11)
• Antiplasmodial Activity: Study of roots and stem showed significant antiplasmodial activity.
• Hepatoprotective Activity: Study isolated blumeatin (Blu, 5,3,5'-trihydroxy-7-methoxy-dihydro-flavone and showed hepatoprotective activity against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and thioacetamide. It also shortened the pentobarbital sleeping time in CCl4-intoxicated mice.
• Antimicrobial Activity / Essential Oil: In a study of various extracts and essential oil for antibacterial and antifungal activities, results showed the essential oil to be most potent. The oil showed significant activity against B. cereus, S. aureus and C. albicans; a hexane extract, against E. cloacae and S aureus. Results showed B. balsamifera extracts have activity against various infections and toxin-producing microorganisms. (13)
• Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity: Study of aerial parts yielded a new dihydroflavonol, (2R,3S)-(−)-4′-O-methyldihydroquercetin, together with seven known compounds. Most of the compounds showed significant concentration-dependent xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity. Compounds 1, 6, and 8 showed more potent inhibitory activity than control allopurinol. (14)
• Urinary Stone Dissolution: Sambong used in-vitro showed dissolution of urinary stones, with a faster activity on uric acid stones. No significant effect was noted with struvite and calcium stones. (15)
• Anti-Tyrosinase / Anti-Cancer Activities: An ethylacetate extract of leaves yielded nine flavonoids. The anti-tyrosinase activity of dihydroflavonols (1,2) and flavonols (5,6,7) were stronger than arbutin. In cytotoxicity evaluation, compounds 2,4 and 9 were active against KB cells. Compound 9 showed strong cytotoxicity against human lung cancer cell lines and moderate toxicity against oral cavity (KB) cancer cell lines. (18)
• Fumigant Compounds / Essential Oil: Essential oil was found to have fumigant toxicity against maize weevils, Sitophilus zeamais. Essential oil components 1,8-Cineole, 4-terpineol, and α-terpineol showed pronounced fumigant toxicity against S. zeamais adults, more toxic than camphor. The crude essential oil also possessed strong fumigant toxicity against S. zeamais adults. (19)
• Apigenin / Aldose Reductase (AR) Inhibitory Agent: Study evaluated fractions of Blumea balsamifera for their ability to inhibit aldose reductase activity in rat lenses. Apigenin, identified from the active EtOAc fraction, exhibited high AR inhibitory activity. Results suggest a useful natural source for a novel AR inhibitory agent against diabetic complications. (
• Antiplasmodial Activity: Study of roots and stem showed significant antiplasmodial activity.
• Hepatoprotective Activity: Study isolated blumeatin (Blu, 5,3,5'-trihydroxy-7-methoxy-dihydro-flavone and showed hepatoprotective activity against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and thioacetamide. It also shortened the pentobarbital sleeping time in CCl4-intoxicated mice.
• Antimicrobial Activity / Essential Oil: In a study of various extracts and essential oil for antibacterial and antifungal activities, results showed the essential oil to be most potent. The oil showed significant activity against B. cereus, S. aureus and C. albicans; a hexane extract, against E. cloacae and S aureus. Results showed B. balsamifera extracts have activity against various infections and toxin-producing microorganisms. (13)
• Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity: Study of aerial parts yielded a new dihydroflavonol, (2R,3S)-(−)-4′-O-methyldihydroquercetin, together with seven known compounds. Most of the compounds showed significant concentration-dependent xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity. Compounds 1, 6, and 8 showed more potent inhibitory activity than control allopurinol. (14)
• Urinary Stone Dissolution: Sambong used in-vitro showed dissolution of urinary stones, with a faster activity on uric acid stones. No significant effect was noted with struvite and calcium stones. (15)
• Anti-Tyrosinase / Anti-Cancer Activities: An ethylacetate extract of leaves yielded nine flavonoids. The anti-tyrosinase activity of dihydroflavonols (1,2) and flavonols (5,6,7) were stronger than arbutin. In cytotoxicity evaluation, compounds 2,4 and 9 were active against KB cells. Compound 9 showed strong cytotoxicity against human lung cancer cell lines and moderate toxicity against oral cavity (KB) cancer cell lines. (18)
• Fumigant Compounds / Essential Oil: Essential oil was found to have fumigant toxicity against maize weevils, Sitophilus zeamais. Essential oil components 1,8-Cineole, 4-terpineol, and α-terpineol showed pronounced fumigant toxicity against S. zeamais adults, more toxic than camphor. The crude essential oil also possessed strong fumigant toxicity against S.z


TOXICITY:


Negative but with some incidence of hyperemic renal parenchyma
Phytosterol supplementation is contraindicated in those with the rare genetic disorders Sitosterolemia and Cerebrotendinotic Xanthomatosis
ProstActive is contraindicated in persons known to be allergic to Saw Palmetto.

Table 2.,

The lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC100) of each of the test plant were determined by plotting concentrations of the plant against fish mortality within 24 hours, 48 hours, and 96 hours after exposure to the treatment. Interpolation between two concentrations where the mortality occurred at less than and greater than 50 % was done. LC50 or median lethal concentration is the concentration at which 50 % of the test fish survived and 50 % died. It is the basis of most toxicity and tolerance tests. LC100 is the lowest concentration at which 100 % of the fish died. It is the basis of the piscicidal activity of test plants because the purpose of using a piscicide is to ensure total eradication of unwanted fishes. Trendline analysis using linear regression inMicrosoft Excel was used to estimate LC50 and

REFERENCE:
LC100.(1)
Anticancer activities and mechanisms of Blumea balsamifera extract in hepatocellular carcinoma cells./ Am J Chin Med. 2008;36(2):411-24.
(2)
Sesquiterpenoids and Plasmin-Inhibitory Flavonoids from Blumea balsamifera / OSAKI Naoto; KOYANO Takashi; KOWITHAYAKORN Thaworn; HAYASHI Masahiko; KOMIYAMA Kanki; ISHIBASHI Masami / Journal of natural products / 2005, vol. 68, no3, pp. 447-449
(3)
SAMBONG (BLUMEA BALSAMIFERA): ITS EFFECT ON CALCIUM STONES / Fernando Rico, M.D.
(4)
Antioxidant Properties of Extracts from Medicinal Plants Popularly Used in Taiwan / International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering . 2005. 3, 3: 195-202 /
(5)
Camphor / Chest of Books(6)
Mechanism of Growth Inhibitory Effect of Blumea balsamifera Extract in Hepatocellular Carcinoma / Toshio Norikura et al / Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry • Vol. 72 (2008) , No. 5 pp.1183-1189 /
(7)
Antifungal metabolites from Blumea balsamifera / Consolacion Ragasa et al / Natural Product Research, Volume 19, Issue 3 April 2005 , pages 231 - 237 / DOI: 10.1080/14786410410001709773
(8)
Dihydroflavonol BB-1, an extract of natural plant Blumea balsamifera, abrogates TRAIL resistance in leukemia cells / Hiroo Hasegawa et al / BLOOD, 15 JANUARY 2006 VOLUME 107, NUMBER 2
(9)
ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF CRUDE ALCOHOLIC AND AQUEOUS EXTRACTS OF SIX MEDICINAL PLANTS AGAINST STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AND ESCHERICHIA COLI / Metta Ongsakul et al / J Health Res 2009, 23(3):153-156
(10)
Superoxide Radical Scavenging Properties of Extracts and Flavonoids Isolated from the Leaves of Blumea balsamifera / N Fazilatun et al / Summary Pharmaceutical Biology • 2005, Vol. 43, No. 1, Pages 15-20(10)
Superoxide Radical Scavenging Properties of Extracts and Flavonoids Isolated from the Leaves of Blumea balsamifera / N Fazilatun et al / Summary Pharmaceutical Biology • 2005, Vol. 43, No. 1, Pages 15-20
(10)
Superoxide Radical Scavenging Properties of Extracts and Flavonoids Isolated from the Leaves of Blumea balsamifera / N Fazilatun et al / Summary Pharmaceutical Biology • 2005, Vol. 43, No. 1, Pages 15-20
(10)
Superoxide Radical Scavenging Properties of Extracts and Flavonoids Isolated from the Leaves of Blumea balsamifera / N Fazilatun et al / Summary Pharmaceutical Biology • 2005, Vol. 43, No. 1, Pages 15-20
(11)
CHEMICAL COMPONENTS IN VOLATILE OIL FROM BLUMEA BALSAMIFERA (L.) DC / Nazrul Islam Bhuiyan et al / Bangladesh J. Bot. 38(1): 107-109, 2009 (June)
(12)
Blumea balsamifera / GLOBinMED
(13)
Antimicrobial activity of Blumea balsamifera (Lin.) DC. extracts and essential oil / Sakee U, Maneerat S, Cushnie TP, De-Eknamkul W. / Nat Prod Res. 2011 Nov;25(19):1849-56. Epub 2011 Jul 11.
(14)
Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors from Vietnamese Blumea balsamifera L. / Mai Thanh Thi Nguyen*, Nhan Trung Nguyen / Phytotherapy Research / DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3710
(15)
The use of Blumea balsamifera (Sambong) in the dissolution of urinary stone: An in-vitro study / Sunga, Paul Anthony L / Philippine Journal of Urology, 16(1), pp 6-10
(16)
Blumea balsamifera / Catalogue of Life, China .
(17)
Blumea balsamifera / AgroForestryTree Database
(18)
Anti-tyrosinase and anti-cancer activities of flavonoids from Blumea balsamifera DC / N. Saewan, S. Koysomboon and K. Chantrapromma / Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 5(6), pp. 1018-1025, 18 March, 2011
(19)
Fumigant Compounds from the Essential Oil of Chinese Blumea balsamifera Leaves against the Maize Weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) / Sha Sha Chu,1 Shu Shan Du,2 and Zhi Long Liu / Journal of Chemistry
Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 289874, 7 pages / http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/289874
(20)
Analysis of apigenin in Blumea balsamifera Linn DC. and its inhibitory activity against aldose reductase in rat lens / Dong Gu Lee, So-Youn Mok, Changsun Choi, Eun Ju Cho, Hyun Young Kim, Sanghyun Lee* / Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment, Vol.1, No.1, 28-33, 2012 / http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jacen.2012.11005
(21)
A survey of plants used as repellents against hematophagous insects by the Ayta people of Porac, Pampanga province, Philippines / Jasper John A. Obico* and Elena M. Ragragio / Philippine Science Letters Vol. 7, No. 1, 2014
http://www.stuartxchange.com/Sambong.html
http://ag.arizona.edu/azaqua/ista/ista6/ista6web/pdf/179.pdf

Compiled by: Chris Deo Jumayao