Annual
Herb:
30-60 cm high, quite glabrous, stem often branched at the base.
Leaves: Numerous, sbsessile
distichous often imbricating, elliptic oblong obtuse. Stipules present,
very acute.
Flowers: Yellowish, very
numerous, axillary. The male flowers are one to three in number while the
female flowers are solitary in nature.
Capsules: 2.5mm in diameter,
depressed globose, smooth scarcely lobed.
Phyllantus ninuri plant and leaves
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUsjky3eeP5dQjt2XgH0CDbehDhI3Habjtm1K_qsbCmboWMRx7zsu-IkRvbnonfmq-C__uhKh5iHPEo261OrWUxiyfDKqMwYsPIxX9Xy5n97IT8ovnQm_yw8etTytGLL8pBJY6Vvf3dFqa/s280/4P232_Phyl-amar_RR1_GM1_MXa.jpg) |
Phyllantus ninuri flowers |
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgebYdZNYmdZZNJaAZ2AXgplqH7AZn6mewLcx6rDZaOzcNJoq6ljcFSHseOY66oVukO8TAyUJZ2ABLXHxIF3XjlQut-mANWKhbbMovZoD5kqRRr4TpsizSyOQ6nV9cfHOIyToQZRTBVRYR5/s280/535198.jpg) |
Phyllantus ninuri capsules |
|
ACTIVE
CONSTITUENTS
1.
Kaempferol-4-o-alpha-L-rhamnoside, Aerial plant 0.9%, Root Culture
2.
(-) Limonine, Leaf Essential oils 4.5%
3.
Ascorbic acid, Leaf 0.41%
4.
Cymene, Leaf Essential Oil 11%
5.
Hypophyllanthin, Plant 0.05-0.17%
6.
Geranin, Plant .23%
7.
Linoleic acid, Seed Oil 21%
8.
Linolenic acid, Seed Oil 51.4%
9.Ricinoleic
acid, Seed Oil 1.2%
10.Phyltetralin,
Plant, Leaf 0.14%
11.&Phyllanthin,
Leaf, Aerial plant
The
following are parts of the plant:
1.
(-)-Nor-secrurinine
2.
4-Hydroxy-sesamin
3.
Corilagin
4.
Ellagic acid
5.
Estradiol
6.
Fisetin-41-O-beta-D-dlucoside
7.
Hinokinin
8.
Iso-lintetralin
9.
Nirurin
10.Nirurinetin
11.Phyllanthus
12.Trans-phytol
13.Repandusinic
acid A
Following
are parts of the Roots:
1.
(+)-Catechin
2.
(+)-Gallocatechin
3.
(-)-Epi-catechin
4.
(-)-Epi-catechin-3-gallate
5.
(-) Epi-gallocatechin
6.
Gallic acid
7.
(-)-Epi-gallocatechin-3-O-gallate
8.
Eriodictyol-7-o-alpha-L-rhamnosidet
9.
Fisetin-41-O-alpha-L-rhamoniside
10.Lupeol
acetate
11.Lupeol
12.Nor-securinine
Following
are parts of the Leaves:
1.
4-Hydroxy-lintetralin
2.
2,3-dimethoxy-iso-lintertralin
3.
Astragalin
4.
Beta sitosterol
5.
Demethylenedioxy niranthin
6.
Hydroxy niranthin
7.
Hypophyllanthin
8.
Iso-quercitin
9.
Linnanthin
10.Lintetralin
11.Niranthin
12.Quercitrin
13.Salicylic
acid methyl ester
4.Seco-4-hydroxy-lintetralin
Following
are parts of the aerial plant:
1.24-
Isopropyl Cholestrol
2.Dotriacontanoic
acid
3.Nirphyllin
4.Nirurine
5.Phyllanthenol
6.Phyllantheol
7.Phyllester
8.Phyllinurin
9.Phylltetrin
10.Triacontan-1-al
11.Triancontan-1-ol
Following
are present in all leaf, stem, aerial plant, roots
1.Nirtetralin,
2.4-Methoxy-nor-securinine
3.Rutin
4.
Phyllanthine
5.
Phyllochrysine
6.
Quercetin
TRADITIONAL
USES
- Decoction of entire plant used as tonic for the
stomach.
- Bitter fruit used for tubercular ulcers,
wounds, sores, scabies, and ringworm.
- Used for kidney stones and gallstones.
- Fresh root used as remedy for jaundice.
- Used as emmenagogue and febrifuge.
- Also used for genitourinary problems:
renal colic, cystitis, prostate problems, jaundice, constipation,
dyspepsia, gonorrhea.
- Young leaves used for fevers.
- Chewing of fresh leaves used for hiccups.
- Used for baths in newborns.
- Decoction used for coughs in infants.
- Infusion of root and leaves used as tonic
and cold, taken cold in repeated doses.
BIMINI
Hot water extract of the
entire plant is administered orally, to reduce fevers, and as a laxative. 17
DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
Hot water extract of
leaves is administered orally as a popular fever remedy. 18
FIJI
Decoction of dried leaves
and roots is taken orally for fever, and for good health.
Dried entire plant,
grounded in buttermilk is administered orally for jaundice. Fresh leaf
juice is used externally for cuts and bruises. For eye diseases the juice
is mixed with castor oil and applied to the eye. Infusion of dried leaves
is administered orally for dysentery and diarrhea. Infusion of green root
is taken orally to treat heavy menstrual periods. 19
FRENCH
GUYANA
Hot water extract of
leaves is administered orally as a cholagogue. 20
HAITI
Decoction
of dried leaves is taken orally for or used in bath for fever, and orally
for indigestion. Decoction of roots are used for stomach aches.
Hot water extract of dried entire plant is administered orally as a
spasmolytic and is also against fever. 21
INDIA
Fresh plant juice is
taken orally for genito urinary disorders .
The fruit is used
externally for tubercular ulcers, scabies and ringworm .
Hot water extract of
dried entire plant is administered orally for diabetes .
For
asthma in bronchitis, leprosy, anemia
hiccups and as diuretic ayurvedic
medicine. 22
KONKAN
Rubbed
down with rice-water and used as a remedy for menorrhagia. 23
PAPAU-NEW GUINEA
Fresh leaf juice or fresh
root juice are taken orally for venereal diseases. Decoction of dried
entire plant is administered orally to treat venereal diseases.
Decoction of dried leaf
when taken orally is a treatment for diarrhea. A cupful of leaf decoction
is drunk daily. 24
PHILIPPINES
Decoction of dried entire
plant is used as a bath for newborns. It is believed to remove
disease-causing elements from the skin. Orally the decoction is used for
coughs in infants. 25
PUERTO
RICO
Hot water extract of leaf
and stem is taken orally for fevers.
Infusion
of young shoots and leaves are given for dysentery.
Salted
poultice of leaves are used for scabby affections; without salt, applied to
bruises and wounds; and made with rice water, poultice lessens edematous
swellings and ulcers. 26
SIND
Roots,
leaves, and young shoots are much employed in gonorrhea and other
genito-urinary affections. Bark is used as purgative. Milky juice is
applied to offensive sores. 27
TANZANIA
Hot water extract of
fresh entire plant is administered orally for gonorrhoea. 28
THAILAND
Hot water extract of
commercial sample of the entire plant, is administered orally as an
antipyretic. 29
Hot water extract
of dried aerial parts administered orally is used as a diuretic, as an
antipyretic, and for malaria.
Hot water extract
of dried entire plant is administered orally as an anti-inflammatory
agent. 30
VIRGIN
ISLANDS
Hot water extract of the
plant is taken orally to increase the appetite. 31
WEST
INDIES
Hot water extract of
roots together with hot water extract of Citrus
aurantifolia roots is
taken orally to increase appetite. Hot water extract of entire plant
administered orally, is taken for malarial fever. The plant is boiled and
the tea taken. Water extract of the leaves and roots is taken orally for
diabetes, and as a diuretic .
Phyllanthus niruri is used as a
diuretic in dropsical affection, gonorrhoea and other troubles
of genito urinary tract. Herb is bitter, astringent, diuretic and febrifuge,
antiseptic. Fresh root is a remedy for jaundice. Infusion of young shoots
given in dysentery. Leaves are popular remedy against fever. It can be used
to increase the appetite and locally to relieve inflammations. It can also
be used in case of anorexia. 32
PHARMACOLOGICAL
ACTIVITY WITH CLINICAL BASIS
I.Hepatoprotective
Effect –
1. Hepatitis B is one of the
major diseases inflicting human population. Conventional treatment with
interferon – alpha is very expensive and has many serious side effects.
Alternative herbal medicine using extracts of Phyllanthus niruri and
Phyllanthus urinaria have been reported to be effective against Hepatitis B
and other viral infections. A study reports quantitative determination of
the antiviral effect of these herbs in well-defined in vitro systems. 3
2. Phyllanthus niruri has been reported to
exhibit marked antihepatitis B virus surface antigen activity in
in-vivo and in-vitro studies. Infectious hepatitis is due to the inability
of the bodies’ immune system to eliminate the virus from the liver cells:
hence the “carrier state”. An infection with the virus is documented by
detectable levels of various viral antigens in the blood, including HbaAg
(the surface antigen of the virus) as well as antibodies to the core of
virus (HBc antibodies). In one study, 37 patients with chronic viral
hepatitis B were treated with a daily dose of 600mg of Phyllanthus niruri for
30 days. 59% of the patients lost the HBsAg two weeks after the end of the
treatment. Furthermore, none of the cases followed for up to 9 months had
any symptoms of HBsAg. The authors postulated that Phyllanthus nirurimight inhibit proliferation of the virus
by inhibiting replication of the genetic material of the virus. 4
3. Hepatoprotective effect of
an ayurvedic medicine; herbal preparation HPN – 12 (containing Glycirrhiza
glabr, Pichorhiza kurroa, Berberis aristata, Piper longum, Phyllanthus niruri, Solanum dulcamara, Zingiber
officinale, Curculigo orchioides, Elettaria cardamomum, Tinospora cordifolia,
Desmodium trifolium and Sacchrum officinarum) orally administered to male
albino rats at 1ml/100g body weight was found to be effective against liver
damage. 5
4. Animals with Carbon
Tetrachloride induced hepatopathy were treated with catliv (contains
extracts of Swertia chirata, Eclipta alba, Fumaria vaillanti, Picorrhiza
kurroa, Andrographis paniculata and Phyllanthus niruri)
at 25ml twice daily orally for six days starting at 48 hours after
administration of Carbon tetrachloride. On basis of result obtained it was
concluded that the ingredients in catliv, effectively helped in
regeneration of hepatic cells and is an effective liver tonic for calves.6
5. Research in Japan
and India in the 1980's has demonstrated the liver -healing properties of Phyllanthus niruri. The primary compounds
responsible are phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin and triacontanal. Glycosides
found in Phyllanthus niruri demonstrated
Aldose reductase (AR) inhibitory activity in studies conducted by a
Japanese research group in 1988 and 1989.7
II.HIV
Replication Inhibition–
1. Aqueous extract of Phyllanthus niruri is reported to have inhibitory
effect on human immunodeficiency virus. The investigation examines the
anti-HIV effects of the alkaloidal extract of Phyllanthus niruri in
human cell lines. The inhibitory effect on HIV replication was monitored in
terms of inhibition of virus induced cytopathogenecity in MT-4 cells. The
alkaloidal extract of Phyllanthus niruri showed suppressing activity on
strains of HIV-1 cells cultured on MT-4 cell lines. The CC50 for
the extract was found to be 279.85μgmL-1 whereas the EC50 was
found to be 20.98μgmL-1.
Interestingly the Selectivity Index (SI) was found to be 13.34, which
showed a clear selective toxicity of the extract for the viral cells. The
alkaloidal extract of Phyllanthus niruri was thus found to exhibit
sensitive inhibitory response on cytopathic effects induced by both the
strains of human immunodeficiency virus on human MT-4 cells in the tested
concentrations.8
2. Extracts of five medicinal plants:
Aristolochia indica, Cassia occidentalis, Phyllanthus niruri,
Withania somnifera and Tinospora cordifolia were administered to 10 HIV
infected patients for a period of six months to one year. The clinical
status of the patient and their CD4 cell counts were periodically
monitored. The results indicate that in seven of the ten patients, their
CD4 count increased and the patients remained either asymptomatic or their
clinical well being improved. There was no change in the CD4 cell count in
one of the patient and the other two progressed to full blown AIDS.9
III.
Lipid Lowering Activity -
1. Lipid lowering activity of Phyllanthus niruri alcoholic
extracts in triton induced hyperlipidaemia was examined in rats. It was
observed that administration of triton in rat caused increase in serum
cholesterol by 3.5 fold, phospholipid 2 fold and triglyceride 1.2 fold.
Administration ofPhyllanthus niruri at
the dose of 200mg/kg simultaneously with triton lowered the level of total
cholesterol, phospholipid and triglyceride by 27, 25 and 24 percent
respectively. In an experiment with cholesterol fed rats, Phyllanthus niruri at
a dose of 100 mg/kg lowered the elevated level of low-density lipoprotein
lipids in hyperlipidemic and drug fed animals.10
IV.Anti
– Diabetic Activity –
1. An alcoholic extract of Phyllanthus niruri was
found to reduce significantly the blood sugar in normal rats and in alloxan
diabetes rats. In normal rats, administration of Phyllanthus niruri 200mg/kg
body weight reduced the blood sugar by 34.5 percent and to 47.4 percent at
the concentration of 1000mg/kg by weight at 1 hour. However at 6thhour, values are almost similar to normal
value. Continuous administration of the drug produced significant reduction
in normal blood sugar in rats, which on 15th day was also found to reduce the
blood sugar in alloxan diabetic rats. In short term experiment, drug was
found to reduce the blood sugar at 4th hour by 6.07 percent at dose level
of 200mg/kg by weight and 18.7 percent at concentration of 1000mg/kg by
weight. Continuous administration of drug produced significant reduction in
blood sugar in alloxan diabetic rats. On 15th day values were almost similar to
normal in the group taking 1000mg/kg by weight. Plant extract did not
produce any toxicity as seen from liver and kidney function test and in
hematological parameters. The results indicate potential antidiabetic
action of Phyllanthus niruri.11
V.
Anti Malarial Activity –
1. The ethanolic, dichloromethane and
lyophilized aqueous extracts of Cassia occidentalis root bark, Morinda
morindoides leaves and whole plants of Phyllanthus niruri were evaluated for their
antimalarial activity in vivo, in 4-day, suppressive assays against
Plasmodium berghei ANKA in mice. No toxic effect or mortality was observed
in mice treated, orally, with any of the extracts as a single dose, of 500
mg/kg body weight, or as the same dose given twice weekly for 4 weeks (to
give a total dose of 4 g/kg). No significant lesions were observed, by eye
or during histopathological examinations, in the hearts, lungs, spleens,
kidneys, livers, large intestines or brains of any mouse. At doses of 200
mg/kg, all the ethanolic and dichloromethane extracts produced significant
chemosuppressions of parasitaemia (of > 60% for C.occidentalis root bark
and Phyllanthus niruri whole plant, and of 30% for
M.morindoides leaves) when administered orally. The most active ethanolic
extract, that of Phyllanthus niruri,
reduced parasitaemia by 73%. The dichloromethane extracts of M.morindoides
and Phyllanthus niruri produced similar reductions (74%
and 72% chemosuppression, respectively), whereas that of C.occidentalis was
slightly less active (60% chemosuppression). Each lyophilized aqueous
extract was less active than the corresponding ethanolic extract.12
VI.Activity
Against Filarial Mosquito (Culex quinquefasciatus) –
1. 18 plants were evaluated for juvenile
hormone analogue activity against Culex quinquefasciatus. Of
these acetone extracts of 8 plants namely Commelina benghalensis , Ageratum
conyzoides , Achyranthus aspera, Sida acuta, Euphorbia pulcherrina, Rivinia
humilis, Ruellia tuberosa and Phyllanthus niruri possessed significant juvenile
hormone activity. The LC50 values of 5 most active plants namely Phyllanthus niruri, Amaranthus spinosus, Antegonon
leptopus, Corchorus aestuans, Corchorus benghalensis were determined to be
13,16,17,17,14ppm respectively.13
VII.Anti-
spasmodic activity –
1. Research done in Brazil at the Federal University
of Santa Catarina in 1984 on Phyllanthus niruri revealed an alkaloid
(phyllanthoside) in the leaves and stem with strong antispasmodic
activity. It served as a relaxing agent for smooth muscles and they
concluded that its spasmolytic action probably accounted for the efficacy
of Phyllanthus niruri in expelling stones.14
VIII.
Analgesic activity –
1. Methanol extract of dried callus tissue at a
concentration of 10mg/kg, administered intraperitonially to mice was
active vs. acetic acid induced writhin and vs. formalin – induced pedal
edema. The extract, at 50mg/kg was inactive vs tail flick response to
radiant heat. Ethanol/ water (1:1) extract of dried entire plant at a dose
of 50mg/kg, administered intragastric to male mice was active. The extract
also administered intraperitonially to male mice at a dose of 0.3mg/kg was
active. In both cases antinociceptive effects were demonstrated using 5
different models of nociception. 15
IX.
Chromosome Aberration Inhibition –
1. Water extract of dried fruit and leaves, at
a dose of 685.0 mg/kg, administered to mice by gastric incubation
was active vs. chromosome damage induced by lead nitrate and aluminium
sulphate in bone marrow chromosomes. Dosing was for 7 days. 16
TOXICITY OF SAMPA-SAMPALUKAN
Abstract
Phyllanthus niruri is a plant with medicinal properties. It is often used to
treat mild malaria and the elimination of renal stones. However, studies on
its toxicity are scarce. The study was carried out to determine if the
aqueous leaf extract of P. niruri administered to female
Sprague-Dawley rats would illicit evidence of toxicity. Fifteen female rats
weighing 150–200 g were divided into 3 groups. Rats in Group 1 were given a
single low dose (LD) of 2000 mg/kg b.w. of the extract by oral gavage
within 24 hrs. Rats in Group 2 were given a single high dose (HD) of 5000
mg/kg b.w. of the extract by oral gavage within 24 hrs. Rats in Group 3
were not given any extract but drinking water and served as the control
group (C). All the rats were observed for signs of toxidromes for 14 days.
On the 15th day,
all the rats were sacrificed. Body organs were harvested for macroscopic
examination. Urine and blood samples were drawn and analyzed. Hematological
tests performed included full blood count and hemoglobin. Biochemical
examinations included bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate
aminotransferase (AST), total protein, albumin, globulin, alkaline
phosphatse (ALP), γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT), urea, and creatinine. The
results of the three groups were not significantly different. Examination
of the various body organs did not show any abnormality. Thus no toxicity
was observed at the levels administered. The LD50 of the aqueous extract is>5000
mg/kg. b.w.
Introduction
The Phyllanthus genus contains over 600 species
distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the world.
In the 1990s, a major reorganization of the Phyllanthus genus was conducted which
classified P. amarusas
a type of P. niruri (Taylor, 2003). P. niruri extract was demonstrated to block
the formation of calcium oxalate crystals (Campos and Schor, 1999; Freitas et
al., 2002) and stone formation in
urolithiasis (Barros et al.,2003; Barros et
al., 2006).
Recently, antispasmodic
activity of P. niruri (Iizuka et
al., 2006) and hypoglycemic
effects were reported (Raphael et al., 2002; Ali et
al., 2006). The hypotensive
effects of P. niruri have been attributed to geraniin
(Srividya & Periwal, 1995), and confirmed by its
cholesterol and triglyceride lowering effects (Adeneye et
al.,2006). Geraniin also
possesses antiulcer properties and is believed to be seven times more
potent than aspirin or acetaminophen (Miguel et
al., 1996; Santos et
al., 1994). The anti-malarial
activity of P. niruri in 20 crude extracts from nine
African medicinal plants used in Kinshasa, Congo, was confirmed (Tona et
al., 1999; Cimangaet al., 2004; Mustofa et
al., 2007). P.
niruri and amarus are
said to offer protection against HBV (Mehrotra et
al., 1990), chemical toxins (Lee et
al., 2006; Chatterjee et
al., 2006; Wang, 2000), liver cancer (Rajeshkumar
and Kuttan, 2000) and tumorigenesis (Rajeshkumar et
al., 2002; Sripanidkulchai et
al., 2002), although the latter is
still controversial (Milne et al., 1994; Doshi et
al., 1994; Thamlikitkul et
al., 1991).
In this study, acute
toxicity of P. niruri aqueous leaf extract was
investigated because of limited information available on its toxicity, despite
the widespread use of this medicinal plant.
Methods
The protocol was reviewed
and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the
Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR) according to the
Guidelines for Animal Experimentation.
Plant material
P. niruri leaves were collected
from the Kpando area in the Volta region of Ghana in the month of
September. The plant was identified in its vernacular names by the farmers
and confirmed to be the same as those previously authenticated by the
herbarium at the University of Ghana Botany Department. A specimen was
lodged at the herbarium with voucher number GC1009.
Extract preparation
The leaves were air dried
at room temperature to a constant weight and ground to powder. The powder
(1800 g) was boiled in 3000 ml of water for 15 minutes under atmospheric
pressure and the solution was later filtered. The filtrate was lyophilized
using a freeze-drying system, which yielded 33.27 g of freeze-dried
material. The freeze-dried sample was stored in a cool dry place until
ready for use.
Animals and experimental design
Fifteen (15) female
Sprague-Dawley (S-D) rats (weighing 150–200 g) were obtained from the
NMIMR. During the acclimatization period, clinical observations as well as
body weight measurements of the animals were conducted and they were found
healthy. The rats were assigned into groups including a control group by
the stratified random method according to their body weight. S-D rats were
fed standard chow diet (AIN-93G formulation, obtained from GAFCO – Ghana) ad
libitum.
Housing conditions
S-D rats were housed in
metal cages with stainless steel tops in the animal care facility of NMIMR,
where room temperature, humidity and ventilation were controlled according
to international standards. The rats were maintained in a 12-h light-cycle
and were studied for 14 days. Prior to sacrifice, they were anesthetized
with diethyl ether and later euthanized. All visible organs and tissues
were macroscopically examined and harvested. Blood collection was by
cardiac puncture.
Route of administration
The route of
administration was by oral gavage in accordance with the main route of
intake of P. niruri decoction by humans for medicinal
purposes.
Acute toxicity test
Five S-D rats constituted
a group. Thus three groups including the control group (C) were
established. A single oral low dose (LD) of 2000 mg/kg b.w. and a single
oral high dose (HD) of 5000 mg/kg b.w. P. niruri were reconstituted as aqueous
homogenous suspensions. The administration volume was set at 900 µl/kg b.w.
Group 1, the control group (C), fed normal chow diet, was gavaged 162 µl
drinking water (once). Group 2, low dose group (LD) and group 3, high dose
group (HD) were gavaged with the extract at a single administration with
the doses indicated previously.
Clinical observations
The observation period
was 14 days post administration. Clinical sings of toxidromes (rising fur,
draping, tremors, excitability, miosis, mydriasis, twitching, salivation,
morbidity, etc.) and mortality were observed while dosing. Thereafter,
daily observations were made until the 14th day. Body weights were measured
before dosing on the day of administration and weekly thereafter.
Urinalysis
Urinalysis was performed
on the 15th day.
Urine was collected in the morning and examined for pH, protein, glucose, ketone
bodies, bilirubin, occult blood and urobilinogen.
Hematological indices
Hematological
examinations were conducted on the 15th day at necropsy. Blood samples
were collected into EDTA-2K tubes for immediate analysis using the SYSMEX
hematology autoanalyzer (Kobe, Japan). Reagents for the hematology
autoanalyzer were obtained from STROMATOLYZER (WH, USA). Leukocyte count,
erythrocyte count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, mean corpuscular
volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular
hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), reticulocyte ratio, platelet count and
differential leukocyte counts were determined.
Biochemical analyses
Biochemical examinations
were performed using blood collected into plain tubes. Blood samples were
centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 minutes. The serum was collected for assays.
The following biochemical assays were performed using the SELECTRA JUNIOR
Version 04 autoanalyzer (Vital Scientific, Spankeren, The Netherlands):
total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL), aspartate amino
transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), total protein (TP),
albumin (ALB), globulin (GB), alkaline phosphatase (ALP),
γ-glutamyltranspetidase (γ-GT), urea (URE), creatinine (CR).
Statistical analysis
The statistical analysis
of the data was done using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences)
version 17.0. All data was expressed as Mean±SD. Statistical difference was
established using the independent Student's t-test
for paired and unpaired data. A probability value of p ≤0.05 was considered statistically
significant. For multiple groups, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to
determine statistical differences. p-values
≤0.05 were considered significant. Multiple regression analysis was
performed to determine predictive indicators of toxicity and their
relationship with dependent variables.
Results
Urine analysis for pH,
protein, glucose, ketone bodies, bilirubin, occult blood and urobilinogen
were negative.
Hematological parameters
did not show significant differences between C and LD groups. Slightly greater differences were
noted for WBC of the C group (8.78×103/µl) and LD group (6.44×103/µl).
Similarly, the platelet count was slightly lower for the LD group (793.6×103/µl)
compared to the C group (812.8×103/µl). These differences,
however, were not statistically significant. Additionally, at 5000 mg/kg
b.w., slight WBC differences were observed for the C group (8.78×103/µl)
and HD group (5.94×103/µl) that were insignificant.
Table 1
Table of hematological
indices of the Control group, Low Dose group (LD=2000 mg/kg b.w.) and High
Dose group (HD=5000 mg/kg b.w.) on day 15 after the administration of P.
niruri aqueous
leaf extract on Sprague-Dawley rats on day 1.
|
|
|
|
p-value
|
WBC×103/ml
|
8.8±2.0
|
6.4±2.5
|
5.9±2.6
|
NS
|
RBC×106/ml
|
|
6.3±1.7
|
|
NS
|
HGB g/dl
|
|
12.2±3.2
|
|
NS
|
HCT%
|
|
39.3±10.6
|
|
NS
|
MCV fl
|
|
62.9±17.0
|
|
NS
|
MCH pg
|
|
19.5±5.3
|
19.6±5.2
|
NS
|
MCHC g/dl
|
|
31.0±8.5
|
|
NS
|
|
|
794±259
|
|
NS
|
|
|
87.3±23.4
|
|
NS
|
|
|
|
|
NS
|
|
31.8±0.6
|
|
30.9±8.4
|
NS
|
|
12.6±0.3
|
12.3±3.4
|
|
NS
|
|
|
6.9±1.9
|
|
NS
|
|
|
|
|
NS
|
|
|
|
|
NS
|
NS=Not Significant; WBC=White Blood Cells; RBC=Red Blood
Cells; HGB=Hemoglobin; HCT=Hematocrit; MCV=Mean Corpuscular Volume;
MCH=Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin; MCHC=Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin
Concentration; PLT=Platelet; LYM%=Lymphocytes Percentage; LYM=Lymphocyte
Count; RDW-SD=Standard Deviation in Red Cell Distribution Width;
RDW-CV=Coefficient of Variation in Red Cell Distribution Width; PDW=
Platelet Distribution Width; MPV= Mean Platelet Volume; P-LCR= Platelet
Larger Cell Ratio
Table
2 shows renal function determined by urea and creatinine levels. Urea
values were 7.6±1.1 mmol/l (C group), 8.1±2.1 mmol/l (LD group) and 8.7±2.3
mmol/l (HD group). The differences between the groups were insignificant.
Creatinine was reduced from 67.9±9.7µmol/l (C) to 59.4±17.2 µmol/l (LD) and
to 56.5±17.3 µmol/l (HD). Creatinine differences were not significant. For
the liver function test, total protein, albumin and globulin showed slight
yet insignificant decreases in the LD and HD groups. Total bilirubin
decreased from 2.1±0.7 µmol/l (C group) to 0.5±0.1 µmol/l (LD group).
However, there was a slight increase to 2.2±1.4 µmol/l when the HD extract
was administered. Nevertheless, changes were not significant. Similarly did
the direct and indirect bilirubin levels decline non-significantly in the
LD group. In the HD group, direct and indirect bilirubin levels were virtually
unchanged. ALT levels were slightly reduced in the LD group. There was a
further reduction after the HD administration. However, differences were
not significant. AST declined in the LD group (144±44 U/l) compared to the
C group (159±42 U/l) but remained unchanged in the HD group (159±46 U/l).
Changes were not significant. Mean ALP level was 444±36 U/l in the C group,
388±136 U/l in the LD group and 420±127 U/l in the HD group. The
differences were insignificant. Although γ-GT increased from 1.4±0.68 U/l
(C group) to 1.9±0.71 U/l (LD group), the difference was not significant.
Contrary to the increase in γ-GT observed after the LD administration, γ-GT
decreased from 1.4±0.68 U/l (C group) to 1.1±0.68 U/l in the HD group. The
differences were not significant.
Table 2
Table of biochemical indices of the Control group, Low
Dose group (LD=2000 mg/kg b.w.) and High Dose group (HD=5000 mg/kg b.w.) on
day 15 after administration of P. niruri aqueous leaf extract on
Sprague-Dawley rats on day 1.
|
|
|
|
p-value
|
|
7.6±1.1
|
8.1±2.1
|
8.7±2.3
|
|
|
67.9±9.7
|
|
|
|
|
60.1±5.3
|
|
55.0±15.6
|
NS
|
|
36.6±2.8
|
35.0±9.4
|
|
|
|
23.5±2.6
|
22.4±6.1
|
21.2±6.1
|
NS
|
|
1.2±0.6
|
|
1.1±0.6
|
|
|
0.9±0.4
|
0.3±0.1
|
|
NS
|
|
|
0.5±0.1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
129±20
|
|
107±36
|
|
|
159±42
|
144±44
|
159±46
|
NS
|
ALPU/l
|
444±36
|
388±136
|
420±127
|
NS
|
NS=Not Significant; URE=urea; CR= creatinine; TP=total
protein; ALB=albumin; GB=globulin; DBIL=direct bilirubin; IBIL=indirect
bilirubin; TBIL=total bilirubin; GGT=γ-glutamyltranspeptidase; ALT=alanine
aminotransferase; AST=aspartate aminotransferase; ALP=alkaline phosphatase
Discussion
International opinion and
regulations relating to human health necessitate that every new
pharmaceutical drug be tested for its safety before it is administered to
human volunteers and patients. Toxicity studies in appropriate animal
models are therefore commonly used to assess the potential health risk to
humans. Such toxicity studies assess the hazard, namely the basic toxicity
of the substance, and the risk is determined by considering the probability
of exposure to a particular hazard at certain levels (Klaassen & Eaton, 1991). This is a key stage in
ensuring the safety of drugs and an acute toxicity study is just one of the
batteries of toxicity tests that are used for such purposes.
Acute toxicity tests
provide preliminary information on the toxic nature of a material for which
no other toxicological information is available. Such information can be
used to: (i) deal with cases of accidental ingestion of a large amount of
the material; (ii) determine possible target organs that should be
scrutinized and/or special tests that should be conducted in repeated-dose
toxicity tests; and (iii) select doses for short-term and sub-chronic
toxicity tests when no other toxicology information is available (Gad &
Chengelis, 1988). Furthermore, the majority
of pharmaceutical companies use only acute toxicity studies to determine
the minimum lethal or maximum non-lethal dose. In exceptional
circumstances, the information from acute toxicity studies is used in
dose-setting for other studies (NC3RS, 2007) and in such cases, the
pathological examination is usually limited to macroscopic observations so
that target organs are generally identified. Additionally, acute toxicity
measurements help to determine the therapeutic index, i.e. the ratio
between the pharmacologically effective dose and the lethal dose in the
same strain and species, as well as accurately elucidate the toxicity of
the medicinal plant (Klaassen & Eaton,1991). The incorporation of
all available information can help in reducing the hesitation in deciding
to use herbal medicinal products (HMP).
Although HMPs are widely
considered to be of lower risk compared with synthetic drugs, they are not
completely excluded from the possibility of having toxic or other adverse
effects (De Smet, 2004). There are, however,
challenges unique to HMPs. Often, deficiencies such as under-reporting of
adverse reactions, general lack of toxicological information on herbs, and
the quality of the reported information present challenges when signals of
safety concern arise.
The lack of adequate
scientific evidence on the safety of P. niruri is often a major issue to the
acceptance and use of this medicinal plant. In this study, the plant was
successfully identified as P. niruri and therefore the results are not
extrapolated beyond this species. The absence of toxidromes was evident at
the time of extract administration and thereafter. The biochemical data,
mainly the hepatobiliary and renal systems, did not suggest any toxicity.
Furthermore, there were no statistical differences between the low dose
(2000 mg/kg b.wt.) and the high dose (5000 mg/kg b.wt.) extract
administration. Hematologically, the present data did not show any adverse
effect either at the low or the high dose. Thus the aqueous leaf extract of P.
niruri can be considered
non-toxic at the acute level and consequently, the LD50 of P.
niruri aqueous
leaf extract is more than 5000 mg/kg b. wt.
Because the existing
literature on the toxicity of Phyllanthus niruri is limited, coupled with
environmental factors including climate, soil and water changes that may
have modified the chemical composition of the plant, retesting after long
periods is imperative to validate any existing data in the light of newer
analytical tools available. With single-ingredient products, it is important
that the plant part used be identified. Knowledge of the specific plant
part, associated with suspected adverse reactions or toxicity, improves
assessment of previously reported adverse effects. Additionally, it must be
recognized that various extraction procedures of the same herb, or plant
part, produce finished products of varying chemical composition (Williamson et
al., 1996) and therefore data
interpretation must be judiciously assessed. From this study it is
concluded that the aqueous leaf extract of P.
niruri has an LD50 greater than 5000 mg/kg b.w. with
no adverse effect of this dose after a single administration.
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Compiled
By:
Anne
Camille G. Magpantay BS Pharmacy 3
Pharmacy
Informatics
|
33/40 = 91.3%
TumugonBurahin-5 too many unnecessary information
-2 don't include all the part of a study
good! =)
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BurahinCould anyone tell me where to find this plant?
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BurahinIn the backyard...I have this plants growing in our barkyard where I always remove before.
Burahini am using this and its perfect for diabetics like me is amiracleherbs
TumugonBurahinhow to use it?
BurahinHi, you can have this herbal in capsule and in tea at www.monaherbal.com
Burahinhow to use it?
TumugonBurahinHi, you can have this herbal in capsule and in tea at www.monaherbal.com
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As a sign of gratitude for how my husband was saved from hepatitis b, i decided to reach out to those still suffering from this.
TumugonBurahinMy husband was diagnosed of hepatitis b in 2013 and it was really tough and heartbreaking for me because he was my all and the symptoms were terrible, he always have Joint pain , and he always complain of Weakness of the body . we tried various therapies prescribed by our neurologist but none could cure him. I searched for a cure and i saw a testimony by someone who was cured and so many other with similar body problem, and he left the contact of the doctor who had the cure to hepatitis b. I never imagined hepatitis b has a natura cure not until i contacted him and he assured me my husband will be fine. I got the herbal medication he recommended and my husband used it and in one months he was fully okay even up till this moment he is so full of life. hepatitis b has a cure and it is a herbal cure contact the doctor for more info on drwilliams098765@gmail.com on how to get the medication. Thanks for reading my story
I was diagnosed with HepB 3 months ago and was devastated by the news. I have been ill and sore for over 10 years, with no one being able to figure out what was wrong with me. It was always written off as a virus or infection. Then 2 years ago the severe muscle cramps started. I had them from scalp to toes, and it was when they ran the full spectrum of tests to figure the cramps out, that they discovered the HepB along with severe Vitamin D deficiency, which I link to the HepB. I was so tired and nauseous and in constant pain. I am just sick and tired of feeling sick and tired!!nothing was really working to help my condition.I went off the Sebivo (with the doctor’s knowledge) and started on hepatitis B herbal formula i ordered from Health Herbal Clinic, my symptoms totally declined over a 5 weeks use of the hepatitis B virus natural herbal formula the disease is totally reversed!! Visit there website www. healthherbalclinic. net
TumugonBurahinHi, you can have this herbal in capsule and in tea at www.monaherbal.com
BurahinAs a sign of gratitude for how my husband was saved from hepatitis b, i decided to reach out to those still suffering from this.
TumugonBurahinMy husband was diagnosed of hepatitis b in 2013 and it was really tough and heartbreaking for me because he was my all and the symptoms were terrible, he always have Joint pain , and he always complain of Weakness of the body . we tried various therapies prescribed by our neurologist but none could cure him. I searched for a cure and i saw a testimony by someone who was cured and so many other with similar body problem, and he left the contact of the doctor who had the cure to hepatitis b. I never imagined hepatitis b has a natural cure not until i contacted him and he assured me my husband will be fine. I got the herbal medication he recommended and my husband used it and in one months he was fully okay even up till this moment he is so full of life. hepatitis b has a cure and it is a herbal cure contact the doctor for more info on drwilliams098675@gmail.com on how to get the medication. Thanks for reading my testimony.
A great blog! Really Helped me understanding more about plants! There are some information that are not necessary but still a good job!
TumugonBurahinAs a sign of gratitude for how my husband was saved from hepatitis b, i decided to reach out to those still suffering from this.
TumugonBurahinMy husband was diagnosed of hepatitis b in 2013 and it was really tough and heartbreaking for me because he was my all and the symptoms were terrible, he always have Joint pain , and he always complain of Weakness of the body . we tried various therapies prescribed by our neurologist but none could cure him. I searched for a cure and i saw a testimony by someone who was cured and so many other with similar body problem, and he left the contact of the doctor who had the cure to hepatitis b. I never imagined hepatitis b has a natural cure not until i contacted him and he assured me my husband will be fine. I got the herbal medication he recommended and my husband used it and in one months he was fully okay even up till this moment he is so full of life. hepatitis b has a cure and it is a herbal cure contact the doctor for more info on drwilliams098675@gmail.com on how to get the medication. Thanks for reading my testimony.
I want to say a big thank you to Dr Akuna for giving me unspeakable joy, 13years ago i had Hepatitis B disease and it was a headache to me as my eyes turn yellow and after giving several tries in church and mosques and traditional homes and nothing worked out, i decide to surf online for possible cure for my ailment and to my great surprise i saw lots of people speaking of how Dr Akuna is using his herbal medicine to cure their diseases namely, HIV,CANCER,DIABETES,SARS,HEART DISEASE,BRONCHITIS AND MORE that cannot be wrote mentioned, and i also visited his website and i found out truly Dr Akuna has been helping a lot of people online, and i sent email to him and he replied back to me and i told me what and what is needed to get my herbal medicine and i gave him and without any delays i received my herbal medicine after using for 2weeks i went to test myself again and there was no trace of Hepatitis B disease in my blood again. to reach Dr Akuna Email:drakunasolutiontemple@gmail.com or Visit his web page : drakunasolutiontemple.com or Call him:+2348154625070 I'm sure he will be of help to your situation.
TumugonBurahinHi, you can have this herbal in capsule and in tea at www.monaherbal.com
BurahinALL THANKS TO DR WILLIAMS
TumugonBurahinI was diagnosed of hepatitis B in 2011, I have tried all possible means to get cure but all my effort proved abortive, until a friend of mine introduced me to a herbal doctor , who prepare herbal medicine to cure different kind of diseases including hepatitis b virus (HBV), when i contacted this herbal doctor via his email, he sent me hepatitis b herbal medicine via courier service, when i received the herbal medicine he gave me step by step instructions on how to apply it, when i applied it as instructed i was totally cured from this disease within 1 months of usage. any body with similar problem can Contact this great herbal doctor via his email drwilliams098675@gmail.com for advice and for his product,and thanks to you admin for such an informative blog.
Hi, you can have this herbal in capsule and in tea at www.monaherbal.com
BurahinNaalis ng may-ari ang komentong ito.
TumugonBurahinNaalis ng may-ari ang komentong ito.
TumugonBurahinHow to use the boiling leaves and stem for breaking my gallstone.. thank you
TumugonBurahinHi, you don't need to boil this plant, because we have capsule and in tea at www.monaherbal.com
BurahinThere is a great herbal man call Dr okougbo who can cure HERPES VIRUS and other deadly diseases with the use of natural herbs. He is from Africa and he is a great herbal doctor and he can also cure you as well if you are having the virus And other deadly disease and here is is email address dr.okougbospellhome@gmail.com or Whatsapp he +2349032690878
TumugonBurahinHERPES
HIV/AIDS
HEPATITIS
BAD BREATH
We are selling this herbal for a years, in capsule and in tea. Please visit mga kabayan to buy and restore your healthy lifestyle. www.monaherbal.com
TumugonBurahinI am here to testify how Dr banlogun herbal medicine helped my son,my son once had the problem of hapetitis B which affected his Education for years,i gave him different medication but there was no solution,i search the net and i found the contact of a doctor,who help me with his product on curing HIV/AIDS, CANCER< HERPES, HEP B, DIABITIES, HSV, MOUTH ODOUR, STD, VAGINAL DISEASE/ ITCHING,, CHRONIC HEPATITIS,GERNITAL WARTS, HPV, EPILEPSY, OVARIAN CANCER/CYST, BLOOD PRESSURE, STROKE, BAD BREATH problem and other deadly diseases,he also assured me that it is a permanent cure,my son took the medication for just 2 weeks and he was back to normal. for two years now he has been doing fine.I give all thanks to Dr banlogun for helping me out of such problem now am the hapiest person on earth for seeing my son doing better again.you can also contact him on Drbanlogunsolutionhome@gmail.com you can also call or whatsapp on +2349032508349 or +2349053287594and get the product.
TumugonBurahinAs a sign of gratitude for how my husband was saved from hepatitis b, i decided to reach out to those still suffering from this.
TumugonBurahinMy husband was diagnosed of hepatitis b in 2013 and it was really tough and heartbreaking for me because he was my all and the symptoms were terrible, he always have Joint pain , and he always complain of Weakness of the body . we tried various therapies prescribed by our neurologist but none could cure him. I searched for a cure and i saw a testimony by someone who was cured and so many other with similar body problem, and he left the contact of the doctor who had the cure to hepatitis b. I never imagined hepatitis b has a natural cure not until i contacted him and he assured me my husband will be fine. I got the herbal medication he recommended and my husband used it and in one months he was fully okay even up till this moment he is so full of life. hepatitis b has a cure and it is a herbal cure contact the doctor for more info on drwilliams098675@gmail.com on how to get the medication. Thanks for reading my testimony.
Very informative, thank you very much.
TumugonBurahinJust wanted to say a huge thank you to Dr Williams for everything he have done in my life. I have been in tears for so many years now, having found that my husband is suffering from hepatitis b, lesion after some years of being under extreme stress., . I spent 24 hours freaking out and finally calmed down after reading some testimony on here about Dr Williams herbal medicine to hepatitis b . The moment came and I mumbled out to my husband about Dr Williams product (with a few tears) and he was AMAZE – . He was just worried about his health, been free from this illness, that was how will order for Dr Williams product on line , after my husband finish taking Dr Williams medicine for just within a period of one month. Will went to the doc together who confirmed that he was hepatitis b free.
TumugonBurahinThank you again for being upfront, truthful and taking this pain away from my family for more information about his product you can email him on drwilliams098675@gmail.com i hope you can also help other terrified people in a similar situation.
where can i acquire this plant?
TumugonBurahinP.S cause i really need it for my research
how many leaves are to boil..for hepa b
TumugonBurahinAm really grateful and thankful for what Dr adigba has done for me and
TumugonBurahinmy family. I Was having Hepatitis for good three years with no solution,
the diseases almost took my life and because I was unable to work and
I was also loosing lots of money for medication, but one faithful day
when I went online, I met lots of testimonies about this great man so I
decided to give it a try and to God be the glory he did it. he cured me
of my diseases and am so happy and so pleased to Write about him
today. if you need his help or you also want to get cured just the way I
got mine, just email him below
dradigba@gmail. com or Whatsapp ;+2348077875210 and
get your healing. He has cure for other deadly diseases like Diabetes,
Hiv/Aids, Hepatitis of all types and Cancer
i want to inform the public how i was cured of HERPES Simplex Virus by a Doctor called Dr.EBHOTA. i visited different hospital but they gave me list of drugs like Famvir, Zovirax, and Valtrex which is very expensive to treat the symptoms and never cured me. I was browsing through the Internet searching for remedy on HERPES and i saw comment of people talking about how Doctor EBHOTA cured them. I Was scared because i never believed in the Internet but i was convince to give him a try because i was having no hope of been cured of HERPES so i decided to contact him on his email, i searched his email on net and i saw a lot of people testifying about his goodness. when i contacted him he gave me hope and send a Herbal medicine to me that i took and it seriously worked for me, am a free person now without problem, my HERPES result came out negative. You can contact him on
TumugonBurahinhis Email: drebhotasolution@gmail.com or whatsapp him on +2348089535482 and get all your problem solved.
1Sickness of any kind
2 Help to CURE Hepatitis B, HIV/AIDs CANCER and BIPOLAR
3 Divorce, Breakup problem and To Re-unit
4 Pregnancy problem
5 Financial problem and Job promotion
6 To get a good and rich life partner
7 To Lose your wath
8 to enlargement of pennis
9. CANCER
10. ALS (Lou Gehrig's disease)
11 Hepatitis B
12 chronic pancreatic
13 emphysema
14 COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
I am here to give my testimony about Dr Ebhota who helped me.. i want to inform the public how i was cured from (HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS) by salami, i visited different hospital but they gave me list of drugs like Famvir, Zovirax, and Valtrex which is very expensive to treat the symptoms and never cured me. I was browsing through the Internet searching for remedy on HERPES and i saw comment of people talking about how Dr Ehbota cured them. when i contacted him he gave me hope and send a Herbal medicine to me that i took for just 2 weeks and it seriously worked for me, my HERPES result came out negative. I am so happy as i am sharing this testimony. My advice to you all who thinks that there is no cure for herpes that is Not true just contact him and get cure from Dr Ebhota healing herbal cure of all kinds of sickness you may have like
TumugonBurahin(1) CANCER,
(2) DIABETES,
(3) HIV&AIDS,
(4) URINARY TRACT INFECTION,
(5) CANCER,
(6) IMPOTENCE,
(7) BARENESS/INFERTILITY
(8) DIARRHEA
(9) ASTHMA
(10)SIMPLEX HERPES AND GENITAL
(11)COLD SORE
HERPES. he also cure my friend from cervical cancer Email: drebhotasoultion@gmail.com or whatsapp him on +2348089535482
FINALLY FREE FROM HERPES VIRUSI thought my life had nothing to offer anymore because lifebecame meaningless to me because I had Herpes virus, thesymptoms became very severe and bold and made my familyrun from and abandoned me so they won't get infected. I gaveup everything, my hope, dreams,vision and job because thedoctor told me there's no cure. I consumed so many drugs butthey never cured me but hid the symptoms inside me makingit worse. I was doing some research online someday when Icame across testimonies of some people of how DR Ebhotacured them from Herpes, I never believed at first and thoughtit was a joke but later decided to contact him on the detailsprovided and when I messaged him we talked and he sent mehis herbal medicine and told me to go for a test after twoweeks. Within 7 days of medication the symptomsdisappeared and when I went for a test Lo and behold I wasNEGATIVE by the Doctor Who tested me earlier. Thank you DREbhota because I forever owe you my life and I'll keep ontelling the world about you. If you are going through samesituation worry no more and contact DR Ebhota viadrebhotasolution@gmail. com or WhatsApp him via +2348089535482.he also special on cureing 1. HIV/AIDS2. HERPES 3. CANCER 4.ALS 5. HEPATITIS B 6.DIABETES 7. HUMAN PAPILOMA VIRUS DISEASE(HPV)8. ALZHEIMER 9. LUPUS (Lupus Vulgaris or LupusErythematosus
TumugonBurahinHello viewer’s
TumugonBurahinI don’t have much to say there are so may scammers going on online so we cant detect the real herbal medicine doctors. Thank GOD for leading me, please don’t ignore this post is real Dr Emmanuel, is a real herbal Doctor, he cured me from Herpes virus, i am living so happy and free , i was fully recovered within 4 weeks of usage of dr Emmanuel herbal medicine ,please viewers out there that have any deadly disease don't fail to contact him via his email; nativehealthclinic@gmail.com or WhatsApp/Call: +2348140073965 thanks once again to dr Emmanuel GOD bless you abundantly
he also cured HIV/AIDS,CANCER,GENITAL WART,COPD,BRAIN TUMOR
I want to write a little testimony about the good work of doctor ehiaguna who cured me from Hsv 1 and 2 for just 2 week with his herbal medicine, I never believe I can be normal again and have a good life like others I always regretted the day I got diagnose with the virus, I was lost of hope when my doctor told me there is no cure for it but I keep thinking and thinking about my future, if I can have kids of my own well I am so grateful for my helper who get me cured with his herbal medicine, I go online in search of anything that can help me because I can’t deal with it forever so I found this doc ehiaguna email on a blog of someone who was cured by him I quickly contact him for help and explain all my pain to him, he told me not to worry about it there is cure for real, I never believe until he send me the herbal medicine when I order for it and I have it within 4 days that is how I took the medicine for 2 week and the following week I go for test just to confirm I was 100% cured from this sickness what a miracle in my life I am so happy right now, you can also get in contact with him if you have such sickness through drehiaguna@gmail.com and also WhatsApp him +2348073908953... And He also have herbs medicine to cured the following diseases; eczema,urethra wart,chronic problems.Herpes, Cancer, Als,Hepatitis, Diabetes, HPV,Infections,ulcer ETC
TumugonBurahinHello, I want to write a little review about the good work of doctor Ojamo, who cured me from HSV 1&2 for just 2 week with his herbal medicine, I never believe I can be cured again and have a good life like others, I always regretted the day I got diagnose with this virus, I become lost of hope when my doctor told me there is no cure for it, Well I am so grateful for my helper who get me cured with his herbal medicine, I went online in search of anything that can help me because I can’t deal with it forever so I found dr Ojamo email dr.ojamoherbalhome@gmail.com on a blog of someone who was cured by him,of the same herpes, so I quickly contacted him for help and explained all my pains to him, he told me not to worry about it there is a cure for real, I never believe until he sent me the herbs when I ordered for it and I got it within 5 working days that is how I took the medicine for 2 weeks and the following week I went for a test just to confirm I was 100% cured from this sickness what a miracle in my life, I am so happy right now, and forever greatful, you can also get in contact with him if you have such sickness through his whatsapp +2349077406037 or email address:: dr.ojamoherbalhome@gmail.com
TumugonBurahinHello, I want to write a little review about the good work of doctor Ojamo, who cured me from HSV 1&2 for just 2 week with his herbal medicine, I never believe I can be cured again and have a good life like others, I always regretted the day I got diagnose with this virus, I become lost of hope when my doctor told me there is no cure for it, Well I am so grateful for my helper who get me cured with his herbal medicine, I went online in search of anything that can help me because I can’t deal with it forever so I found dr Ojamo email dr.ojamoherbalhome@gmail.com on a blog of someone who was cured by him,of the same herpes, so I quickly contacted him for help and explained all my pains to him, he told me not to worry about it there is a cure for real, I never believe until he sent me the herbs when I ordered for it and I got it within 5 working days that is how I took the medicine for 2 weeks and the following week I went for a test just to confirm I was 100% cured from this sickness what a miracle in my life, I am so happy right now, and forever greatful, you can also get in contact with him if you have such sickness through his whatsapp +2349077406037 or email address:: dr.ojamoherbalhome@gmail.com
TumugonBurahinHere is my testimony on how I was cured of HIV by Dr Akhigbe,with his natural herbal medicine. on a regular basis in efforts to help others when I could. As you may know, each donation is tested. Well, on July 6th I had a meeting with a Red Cross representative and was told that I had HIV. “What went through your mind when you heard that "Rose" Good question reader! To be honest, I thought my life was over, that I would ever find love, get married, have children or anything normal. Lucky for me I have an amazing support system. My family supported me then I never thought that I was invincible to STD s or pregnancy or anything else parents warn their kids about. I just didn’t think about it. I was in a monogamous relationship and thought that I asked the right questions. We even talked about marriage Scary. During that time I was in college and donated blood on a re as well. who helped me in search of cure through the media.there we saw a good testimony of sister 'Kate' about the good work of Dr Akhigbe natural herbal medicine cure.then I copied his email address and contacted him. A good herbalist doctor with a good heart, he is kind, loving and caring. He replied back to my message and told me what to do. After a week the doctor sent me my herbal medicine and instructed me how to take it.Yes it worked very well, after drinking it I went to the hospital for another test and everything turned negative. What a wonderful testimony I can never forget in my life. Dr Akhigbe is a man who gave me a life to live happily forever so all I want you all to believe and know that cure of HIV is real and herbs is a powerful medicine and it works and heals. Dr Akhigbe also used his herbal medicine to cure diseases like: HERPES, DIABETES, SCABIES, HEPATITIS A/B, STROKE, CANCER, ALS, TUBERCULOSIS, ASTHMA, PENIS ENLARGEMENT, MALARIA, LUPUS, LIVER CIRRHOSIS, DEPRESSION, HIV/AIDS, EPILEPSY, BACTERIAL, DIARRHEA, HEART DISEASES, HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE, PARKINSON'S, ALZHEIMER, COLD URTICARIA, HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS,INSOMNIA, BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS, SCHIZOPHRENIA, JOINT PAIN, STOMACH PAIN, CHROME DISEASES, CHLAMYDIA, INSOMNIA HEARTBURN, , THYROID, MAR BURG DISEASES, MENINGITIS, ARTHRITIS, BODY WEAK, SMALLPOX, DENGUE, FEVER, CURBS, CHANCRE, AND OTHERS VARIOUS DISEASES/ VIRUS. You are there and you find yourself in any of these situations, kindly contact Dr Akhigbe now to help you get rid of it. Here is his email address:
TumugonBurahindrrealakhigbe@gmail.com or you can write to him on whats app with his phone number: +2349010754824.
My appreciation is to share his testimony for the world to know the good work Dr Akhigbe has done for me and he will do the same for you.
I am here to give my testimony about Dr Ebhota who helped me.. i want to inform the public how i was cured from (HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS) by salami, i visited different hospital but they gave me list of drugs like Famvir, Zovirax, and Valtrex which is very expensive to treat the symptoms and never cured me. I was browsing through the Internet searching for remedies on HERPES and I saw comments of people talking about how Dr Ehbota cured them. When I contacted him he gave me hope and sent Herbal medicine to me that I took for just 2 weeks and it seriously worked for me, my HERPES result came out negative. I am so haas I am sharing this testimony. My advice to you all who thinks that there is no cure for herpes that is Not true just contact him and get cure from Dr Ebhota healing herbal cure of all kinds of sickness you may have like (1) CANCER,(2) DIABETES,(3) HIV&AIDS,(4) URINARY TRACT INFECTION,(5) CANCER,(6) IMPOTENCE,(7) BARENESS/INFERTILITY(8) DIARRHEA(9) ASTHMA(10)SIMPLEX HERPES AND GENITAL(11)COLD SOREHERPES. he also cured my friend from cervical cancer Email: drebhotasoultion@gmail.com or whatsapp him on +2348089535482
TumugonBurahinI have been suffering from (HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS) disease for the past one years and had constant pain, especially in my knees. During the first year,I had faith in God that i would be healed someday.This disease started circulating all over my body and i have been taking treatment from my doctor, few weeks ago i came on search on the internet if i could get any information concerning the prevention of this disease, on my search i saw a testimony of someone who has been healed from (HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS) by this Man Dr momoh and she also gave the email address: dr.momoh9@gmail.com of this man and advise we should contact him for any sickness that he would be of help, so i wrote to Dr. momoh telling him about my (HERPES Virus) he told me not to worry that i was going to be cured!! hmm i never believed it,, well after all the procedures and remedy given to me by this man few weeks later i started experiencing changes all over me as the doctor assured me that i have cured,after some time i went to my doctor to confirmed if i have be finally healed behold it was TRUE, So friends my advise is if you have such sickness or any other at all you can email:: dr.momoh9@mail.com or whatsApp his number on+2347083724098
TumugonBurahinDr.Vincent has really made me so much believe in him by getting me cured of Herpes virus with his herbal treatment. I really appreciate you Dr. Vincent for bringing back happiness to my life again. thank you so much, friends join me to thank Dr Vincent for what he has actually done for me i pray to you all for a good life, dr.vincentherbalhome6@gmail.com or you can what'sapp his mobile number +2349159559277) or go through his website https://drvincentherbalhom.wixsite.com/welcometodrvincenth Thanks Dr .vincent for your help in my life and family...
TumugonBurahinwhat a miracle i never believe there is cure because my doctor tested me HSV 2 positive and she told me there is no cure, i’m very happy today that i’m having a free life without this sickness, i can remember some months ago when i was crying all through the night and day that i can’t get cured from this sickness, i found this herbal man email on internet when i was doing research on cure for HSV 2 i contacted him to found out if i can get help from this sickness, i was so surprise when he told me that he have the herbs cure to it and he sent me the herbal in less down 4 days i was so happy when i get someone giving me hope that he can cured me i took the herbal for just 2 weeks, when i went for test after taking the herbal i found out that i am cured i was so happy and surprise, i want to use this opportunity to inform you that there is cured to HSV 2 you can also contact him for his help as soon as possible so that you can get rid of this sickness once and for all you can reach him through this email: drehiaguna@gmail.com or and you can also call or whatapp him now +2348073908953 You can also contact him on any sickness in this he all have the herbal cure to it .HIV.HEPATITIS.ANTHRAX.HPV.CANCER.ALS
TumugonBurahinI want to write a little testimony about the good work of doctor ehiaguna who cured me from Hsv 1 and 2 for just 2 week with his herbal medicine, I never believe I can be normal again and have a good life like others I always regretted the day I got diagnose with the virus, I was lost of hope when my doctor told me there is no cure for it but I keep thinking and thinking about my future, if I can have kids of my own well I am so grateful for my helper who get me cured with his herbal medicine, I go online in search of anything that can help me because I can’t deal with it forever so I found this Dr ehiaguna email on a Facebook of someone who was cured by him I quickly contact him for help and explain all my pain to him, he told me not to worry about it there is cure for real, I never believe until he send me the herbal medicine when I order for it and I have it within 4 days that is how I took the medicine for 2 week and the following week I go for test just to confirm I was 100% cured from this sickness what a miracle in my life I am so happy right now, you can also get in contact with him if you have such sickness through drehiaguna@gmail.com and also WhatsApp him +2348073908953. he can also help with this following sickness DIABETES CURE/EPILESY/HPV/CURE/LUPUS/HEPATITIS
TumugonBurahinI’m indeed very happy for the great help that Dr ehiaguna rendered to me,I was diagnosed with HSV 2 on July 7, 2018 and I have tried all possible means to get cure but all to no avail, until i saw a post in a health forum concerning herbal doctor Dr ehiaguna, who prepares herbal medicine to cure all kind of diseases/Infection including Herpes Simplex virus Type 2, at first i doubted if it was real but decided to give it a try, when i contact this herbal doctor via his email: drehiaguna@gmail.com He assured me of a cure, he prepared a herbal medicine and sent it to me via courier service, when i received this herbal medicine, he gave me instructions on how to use it, when i applied it as instructed, i was cured of this deadly virus within 14 days of usage,he told me to go for a medical check up and i went for test, I couldn't believe i was negative and the HERPES VIRUS in my body got cured, I and my family are so happy and grateful to God for using Dr ehiaguna to Liberate me. Reach Out to this great herbal doctor via his email : drehiaguna@gmail.com you can also reach him on WhatsApp +2348073908953 God bless you
TumugonBurahinHerpes has been one of the most significant virus in the US now,and its spreading really fast,and the government are only producing medical drugs that can suppress it but rather keep on eliminating the African herbal doctors who were able to discover a way to completely cure the virus...I'm delighted to be finally cured of herpes 2 after i applied Dr Odiagbe herbal medication for just three weeks, he also have herbal remedies for chronic illnesses!!! drodiagbeherbalhome82@gmail. com
TumugonBurahinI started on COPD Herbal treatment from Ultimate Life Clinic, the treatment worked incredibly for my lungs condition. I used the herbal treatment for almost 4 months, it reversed my COPD. My severe shortness of breath, dry cough, chest tightness gradually disappeared. Reach Ultimate Life Clinic via their website www.ultimatelifeclinic.com . I can breath much better and It feels comfortable!
TumugonBurahinGoji Berries... yes... I tried those too.For my health conditions, Those sweet, red berries seemed to help, but only during the time when I consumed them. I don't want to take a drug for the rest of my life, so why would I want to take a natural supplement everyday for the rest of my life (although Goji berries are very tasty and are highly nourishing). To me this was not a cure either (and I'm LOOKING for the CURE).
TumugonBurahinUp to that point, I hadn't found a cure. I felt like a young jumbled mess. I continued to have extreme pain, but continued on my path to healing. I started to focus on myself and not everyone else. When I was a young adult, I took on too much responsibility out of a sense of obligation. This was no longer healthy for me, so I resigned from all my projects and groups. Those days to come were the best [and worst] days. I took a lot of time off work, yet begun to feel so extremely exhausted. Many health professionals "diagnosed" me with adrenal fatigue & Hiv,Prostate Cancer so my situation was annoying then I keep searching for permanent cure online that's when I came to know of Dr Itua herbal center hands whom god has blessed with ancestral herbs and a gift to heal people with disease like . Cancers, Alzheimer's disease,HPV,Men & Women Infertility,Melanoma, Mesothelioma, Diabetes, Multiple myeloma, Parkinson's disease,Neuroendocrine tumors, Herpes, Hiv/Aids,Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma,, chronic diarrhea, COPD,Love spell, Hepatitis. .. So I made a purchase of his herbal medicines and I have been watching my health for 6 years now and I actually confirmed that his herbal medicines are a permanent cure and I'm so happy that I came to know of his herbal healings.
You can contact Dr Itua herbal center Email: drituaherbalcenter@gmail.com WhatsApp: +2348149277967. if you went through exactly what I go through in terms of health conditions because to be honest there is more to learn about natural herbs than medical drugs.
TumugonBurahinI saw so many testimonies about Dr Itua a great HERBAL DOCTOR that can cure all kind of diseases and give you the rightful health to live a joyful life, I didn't believe it at first, but as the pain got worse and my life was at risk after visiting my therapist numerous times for combination of treatments. And no changes so I decided to take a try, I contacted him also and told him I want a cure for Vulvar cancer/ Testicular cancer and it was Stage IIIA, he gave me advice on what I must do and he delivered it to me in my state which I use according to his instruction, and today I must say I am so grateful to this man Dr Itua for curing me from Vulvar cancer/ Testicular cancer and for restoring me back to my normal health and a sound life, I am making this known to everyone out there who have been living with cancers all his life or any sick person should not waste more time just contact him with his details below- WhatsApp- +2348149277967 Email drituaherbalcenter@gmail.com believe me this man is a good man with Godly heart, this is the real secret we all have been searching for. Do not waste more time contacting him today for you to also live a sound and happy life. He cures the following disease, thyroid Cancer, Uterine cancer, Fibroid, Arthritis, Brain Tumor,Fibromyalgia, Bladder cancer, Brain cancer, HIV, Herpes, Esophageal cancer, Gallbladder cancer, Gestational trophoblastic disease, Head and neck cancer, Hodgkin lymphoma Intestinal cancer, Kidney cancer,Hpv, Lung cancer, Melanoma,Mesothelioma, Multiple myeloma,Neuroendocrine tumors Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Oral cancer, Ovarian cancer, Sinus cancer, Hepatitis A, B/C, Skin cancer, Soft tissue sarcoma, Stroke, Lupus, Spinal cancer, Stomach cancer, Vaginal cancer,Vulvar cancer, Testicular cancer,Tach Diseases, Pancreatic Cancer, Leukemia, Liver cancer, Throat cancer, Alzheimer's disease, Chronic Diarrhea,Copd, Parkinson,Als,Adrenocortical carcinoma Infectious mononucleosis.
Dr. Ehimare has really made me so much believe in him by getting me cured of Herpes with his herbal medicine. I have been a Herpes virus patient for some time now, I have been running here and there looking for help/cure but none could help. I ran into a testimony by someone who testified how she was cured of a terrible disease by Dr. Ehimare, so I decided to contact the herbal doctor. I explained to him, and he said he can cure me. We started the process and he prepared herbs and sent them to me in my country and gave me directions on how I am to use them. I followed his directions and now To God be the glory he could cure me with his herbal mixture. I really appreciate you Dr. Ehimare for bringing back happiness to my life again. thanks you so much friends that has join me to thank Dr. Ehimare for what he has actually done for me i pray to you all for a good life and property, his contact. Email address drehimare3@gmail.com , via whats-app +1 (267) 691-1087 Thanks Dr. Ehimare for your help in my life and family... and most especially to you Dr. THANKS.
TumugonBurahinI have been suffering from a deadly disease (Hsv) for the past 2 years now, I had spent a lot of money going from one places to another, from churches to churches, hospitals have been my home every day residence. Constant checks up have been my hobby not until this faithful day, I was searching through the internet, I saw a testimony on how Dr Ehimare helped someone in curing his (Hsv) herpes disease, quickly I copied his email which is drehimare3@gmail.com just to give him a test I spoke to him, he asked me to do some certain things which I did, he told me that he is going to provide the herbal cure to me, which he did, then he asked me to go for medical checkup after some days after using the herbal cure, behold I was free from the deadly disease, he only asked me to post the testimony through the whole world, faithfully am doing it now, please brothers and sisters, he is great, I owe him in return. if you are having a similar problem just email him on Drehimare3@gmail.com Or whatsapp him via +1 (267) 691-1087
TumugonBurahinI want to share my testimonies to the general
TumugonBurahinpublic on how this great man called Dr OLOKUN who cure my herpes. I have been a HERPES patient for over 9 Months and i have been in pains until i came across this lady when i traveled to Africa for business trip who happer and she told me that there is this great herbal doctor that help her tocure her herpes and she gave me his email address for me to contact and i did as she instructed. The man Dr OLOKUN told me how much to buy the
herpes herbal medication and how i will get it, which i did. And to my
greatest surprise that i took the Herpes herbal medicine for just two week as he
instructed and behold i went for a herpes test, to my greatest surprise for the
doctor confirmed me to be herpes free and said that i no longer have
herpes in my system and till now i have never felt any pains nor herpes again, so i
said i must testify the goodness of this man to the general public. So if
you are there surfing from this Herpes problems or any deadly disease or
other disease for i will advice you to contact him on his working
email: drolokuntemple@gmail.com OR on his cell phone +2348132537313 whatsapp number
+2348132537313
I am really happy that i have been cured from (HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS) with the herbal medicine of Dr MOMOH , i have been suffering from this disease for the past 3 years and 4 mouth without solution until i came across the email of this doctor who have cure so many people with his herbal medicine, i also choose to give him a chance to help me and my husband, he told me what to do and i kindly did it, and he gave us his herbal medicine and direct me on how to use it, i also follow his instructions for use and he ask us to go for a check up after 1 week and 5days which i did, to my greatest surprise our result came out as negative, we are really happy that there is someone like this doctor who is ready to help anytime any day. To all the readers and viewers that is doubting this testimony, stop doubting it and contact this doctor if you really have one and see if he will not actually help you. i am not a stupid woman that i will come out to the public and start saying what someone have not done for me and i know that there are some people out there who are really suffering and hurting their family just because of these diseases so you can Email him on dr.momoh9@gmail.com OR
TumugonBurahinWHATSAPP him on +2347083724098 he also told me that he has cure for these diseases listed below .
HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS.
.DIABETES .
CANCER
.HEPATITIS
.HIV/AIDS
Thank you for your time
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TumugonBurahin
TumugonBurahinAm jeremiah, I am testifying about a great hebal man that cured my wife of hepatitis B and liver cirhosis. his name is Dr oniha. My wife was diagnose of hepatities two years ago, i almost spent all i had then, until i saw dr oniha recommendation online, and i call him, then he told me how to get the herb. You can call him on +2347089275769 or email him at dronihaspell@yahoo.com
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